Preface vii
1. Overview 3
2. The Low Road to Active Inference 15
3. The High Road to Active Inference 41
4. The Generative Models of Active Inference 63
5. Message Passing and Neurobiology 85
6. A Recipe for Designing Active Inference Models 105
7. Active Inference in Discrete Time 125
8. Active Inference in Continuous Time 153
9. Model-based Data Analysis 173
10. Active Inference as a Unified Theory of Sentient Behavior 191
Appendix A – Mathematical Background 225
Appendix B – The Equations of Active Inference 243
Appendix C – An Annotated Example of the Matlab Code 259
Notes 267
References 273
Index 295